By Lokendra Malik
On July 18 this year, elected members of the state legislative assemblies and Parliament will vote to elect the 15th president of India. The Election Commission of India conducts the elections for the office of the president of India, the highest constitutional functionary in the country. The president is the highest constitutional functionary in the country and is also the guardian of the Constitution. The president is also the supreme commander of the defence forces in the country. However, the powers of the president are exercised on the advice of the elected government headed by the prime minister who, along with his ministerial colleagues, is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. There is hardly a situation where the president acts at his discretion and disregards the advice of the Union council of ministers.
Many discussions have been held regarding the constitutional role and position of the president. Public opinion is quite divided on this issue. It is widely believed that the president is nothing, but a titular head who has to go along with the prime minister. On the other hand, there is also a view that the president is not a rubber stamp at all and can take courageous stands in difficult situations when the government makes decisions in violation of constitutional provisions.
Under the Constitution of India, the president is the constitutional head of the Union government who exercises his constitutional powers and functions on the aid and advice of the council of ministers headed by the prime minister as per the mandate of Article 74 of the Constitution. In actual constitutional practice, the prime minister makes the decisions and just informs the president as a courtesy who is bound to act on the advice of the council of ministers. However, the president has limited scope to return the advice of the council of ministers for its reconsideration once, but thereafter, if the council reiterates its view, the president will be bound to accept the same. This position is now well-settled after the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978, and numerous judgments of the Supreme Court on this issue.
But it does not mean that the president is merely a rubber stamp or only a mouthpiece of the central government who dances as per the instructions of the elected government. A president who is well versed in constitutional law and practice can make a difference. The president has a constitutional right to seek information from the Prime Minister under Article 78 of the Constitution. The president reads all the papers and can seek clarifications/explanations from the government as and when required.
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During his tenure, President KR Narayanan exercised referral power two times. He returned the advice of the cabinet for its reconsideration regarding the imposition of the President’s rule in the states of UP and Bihar during the Gujral and Vajpayee governments, respectively, and saved those governments. This is called presidential activism.
In 1997, the then governor of Uttar Pradesh, Romesh Bhandari, recommended the dismissal of Kalyan Singh’s government in UP to the Union cabinet headed by then Prime Minister IK Gujral, who approved the same and recommended it to the then President KR Narayanan to dismiss the government headed by then chief minister Kalyan Singh, a prominent BJP leader who played a great role in the Ram Mandir movement of Ayodhya. President Narayanan read the entire file, and also read the judgment of the Supreme Court delivered in the SR Bommai case in 1994 which is the authority regarding the use of Article 356 of the Constitution. After reading the papers, the president expressed his displeasure to the prime minister and asked him to reconsider the cabinet’s recommendation. Prime Minister Gujral respected the president’s views and did not reiterate the cabinet’s decision.
In his memoirs titled Matters of Discretion, on pages 435-36, Gujral recalls his experience in these words: “I requested the President and the Vice-President to spare some time so that we could discuss the U.P. crisis after dinner. The three of us met in the President’s private chamber. After a 45-minute discussion, all of us were convinced that the dissolution of the U.P. Assembly by the Governor at the behest of the Government of India should be avoided since, as the President put it, ‘withdrawal of support is not a failure of the Constitution’. The President told us that he had studied the Bommai case judgment at length and also the Sarkaria Commission’s observations that the ‘Governor must not do the head counting and the Government must be made or unmade only on the floor of the House. This statement clinched the issue. I requested Narayanan to let me inform the United Front partners that ‘I had failed to persuade the President’. I felt that such a step would help me in watering down the enthusiasts’ demand for sacking the U.P. Government. He agreed immediately and gave me copies of the Bommai judgment and the Sarkaria Commission report”.
Once again in 1998, President Narayanan demonstrated his justified constitutional activism and persuaded the Vajpayee government not to dismiss the Bihar government led by then chief minister Rabri Devi, Laloo Prasad Yadav’s wife. The president found no evidence of a constitutional breakdown in Bihar and returned the advice of the Union cabinet for its reconsideration to then prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee who also honoured the president’s view.
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In one of his articles published in The Indian Express, then Attorney-General of India Soli Sorabjee narrates the story in these words:
“As Attorney-General, I had a meeting with President Narayanan. Thereafter, I conveyed to Prime Minister Vajpayee that the President’s reservations were cogent and President’s rule in Bihar would be constitutionally vulnerable in view of the Supreme Court’s judgment in the Bommai case. Thereafter, the proposal was happily dropped”.
So, this was the personality of President Narayanan who saved the life of two governments and set the fine precedents in the Indian presidency. Admittedly, the president is bound to act as per the ministerial advice, but the president is not a robot. He is a human being who applies his mind while appending his signature on papers. He cannot sign anything presented by the government.
There are a few areas where the president can act at his discretion, without receiving any advice from the government. These are:
- Dismissal of the prime minister who has lost the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha but refuses to resign;
- Dissolution/non-dissolution of the Lok Sabha on the advice of the prime minister who lost the majority support in the House;
- The choice of the prime minister in a hung House;
- Power to grant sanction of prosecution against the prime minister.
The president holds immunity from the judicial proceedings under Article 361 of the Constitution and no court can compel him to appear in judicial proceedings, but he is not above the Constitution. If he violates the Constitution, parliament can impeach him. Also, without making him a party, the Supreme Court can check the constitutional validity of actions taken by him which go against the Constitution or the laws.
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Generally, in all constitutional and executive matters, including the disposal of the mercy petitions, the president acts on the advice of the Union cabinet headed by the prime minister. After all, the president is the prime minister’s man. No prime minister sends an independent-minded person to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. Raisina Hill is very powerful. No prime minister can take it lightly.
India needs a president like KR Narayanan who ruled by the Constitution and protected the Constitution at any rate. The president is not a rubber stamp at all.
Let me conclude this note with these observations of eminent jurist Professor MP Jain:
“The influence of the President, however, depends on his personality. A man of character and ability can exert a potent influence on the affairs of the government with his advice, help, and persuasion, by using his knowledge, experience and disinterestedness to arrive at sound decisions on matters affecting the well-being of the people and not by his dictating any particular course of action to his ministers”.
–The writer is an advocate in Supreme Court. Readers can refer to his book The Power of Raisina Hill: The Constitutional Position, Functions and Powers of the President of India, (LexisNexis, 2015)